Showing posts with label Court. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Court. Show all posts

Monday, January 3, 2011

TEXT OF LETTER TO CITIZENS OF FULTON COUNTY
January 3, 2011

Letter to the Citizens of Fulton County:

This letter is written in my capacity as Chief Judge on behalf of the Atlanta Judicial Circuit. On December 27, 2010 State Patrol Trooper Chadwick LeCroy lost his life in the line of duty. As a judge, I am prohibited from commenting on the circumstances associated with his death. However, I, and every judge in this Circuit, recognize that his death represents a grievous loss to his family and the State of Georgia.

The purpose of this letter is to provide accurate information and fulfill our duty to the public in providing transparency with respect to the Court's business as it relates to the release of Gregory Favors, the person charged with the shooting of Trooper LeCroy.

At or around 9:35 p.m. on December 10, 2010, Favors and a co-defendant, Mr. Larry Brown, were arrested by the Atlanta Police Department. Mr. Favors was arrested for the offenses of Entering Auto, Possession of Cocaine, Possession of Tools to Commit a Crime and Obstruction. Mr. Brown was charged with Possession of Tools to Commit a Crime and Party to a Crime. Both were taken to the Fulton County Jail.

Due process under the Constitution requires that a person arrested without a warrant "have the probable cause for his or her continued detention reviewed by a neutral and detached magistrate as soon as reasonably feasible but, in any event, within 48 hours of arrest." Capestany v. State, 289 Ga. App. 47 (2007). The 48-hour constitutional requirement is a well settled principle of law, established two decades ago in the case of County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991). In Georgia, the constitutional mandate is also recognized by statute. OCGA 17-4-62 provides that any person who is arrested without a warrant and who is not brought before an appropriate judicial officer within 48 hours of arrest "shall be released." The 48-hour rule is clearly not "a self-imposed Fulton County judicial system deadline" as it has been characterized. It is mandatory.

The due process mandate to determine probable cause within 48 hours is fulfilled in Fulton County by having arrestees appear on a first appearance calendar before a magistrate at the Fulton County jail. The determination of probable cause is made by the arresting officer appearing before the magistrate and testifying to the circumstances of the arrest. If a defendant has been held for 48 hours and the arresting officer fails to appear at the calendar, the defendant must be released.

To determine probable cause, a magistrate must have something to review-either a warrant or the testimony of an arresting officer. The Court's records reflect that Mr. Favors' codefendant appeared before a magistrate within 48 hours of his arrest. There was no warrant presented to the magistrate and the arresting officer was not present. The magistrate was, therefore, required to release Mr. Brown. Had Mr. Favors been on the same calendar, he also would have been required to be released.

On December 13, Mr. Favors first appeared on a calendar. As of that point, he had been incarcerated pursuant to his warrantless arrest for more than 48 hours. When he appeared before the magistrate, no warrant had yet been obtained and the arresting officer was not present. Under those circumstances the magistrate before whom Mr. Favors appeared had no alternative but to comply with Georgia Law and the Constitution. For that reason, Mr. Favors was released.

The imposition of a signature bond on a defendant entitled to release is an attempt at a practical accommodation. It reflects an effort by the magistrate to maintain some control and contact with the arrestee until the arresting officer obtains an arrest warrant or the prosecuting agency issues an indictment. In this case, no warrant was obtained and no indictment issued after Mr. Favors' release pursuant to Riverside.

When Mr. Favors was released on December 13, 2010 it was not the result of judicial whim or an adherence to some arbitrary self-imposed rule. Rather, he was released because the judges and courts of this community have a duty to uphold the rule of law and comply with its requirements. It has also been suggested that had Mr. Favors received a different sentence in other proceedings or if his case had been heard through some other process, he would not have been on the streets. That suggestion reflects the reality that when a tragedy occurs, people want explanations. Hindsight is often the first tool reached for in an effort to provide an easy answer.

Fulton County, like many urban courts across the country, has developed a two-tiered system for adjudicating criminal cases. Less complex cases involving non-violent offenses are heard more quickly than more complex cases. Mr. Favors at the time of his arrest was not under indictment in a non-complex case. His release had therefore nothing to do with that program.

It is true that Mr. Favors had previous matters which were heard in Fulton County. Those cases were heard and sentences imposed based upon the facts and circumstances presented to the court at the time those decisions were made. Responsibility for the decisions rest with the decision makers. However, the propriety of those decisions can only be fairly judged in the context in which they were made based on the information provided to the Court.

Trooper LeCroy's death was tragic. The judges of this community believe that the people of Fulton County deserve a justice system that upholds the rule of law, seeks truth and does justice. On behalf of myself and all of the judges of the Atlanta Judicial Circuit, I pledge that we will continue to do all we can to insure the public is protected and well-served. This includes our duty to be faithful to the law, even in difficult times.



Hon. Cynthia D. Wright, Chief Judge

Superior Court of Fulton County

Atlanta Judicial Circuit



cc: Mayor Kasim Reed, City of Atlanta

Chief George Turner, Atlanta Police Department

Chairman John H. Eaves, Fulton County Board of Commissioners

Fulton County Board of Commissioners

Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard

Monday, November 29, 2010

Pretrial Offices Have Been Combined

ATLANTA - Less than a month after the merger was approved Fulton County Superior and State Court Pretrial offices have been combined!

The merger, approved Oct. 21 by Fulton County Commissioners and completed Nov. 19, marks a new era of cooperation and efficiency said Superior Court Chief Judge Cynthia Wright and State Court Chief Judge Patsy Porter.

The merger combined offices that supervised misdemeanor and felony defendants. The measure was promised earlier this year by Court leaders to increase the efficiency of court operations in the face of ongoing budget constraints.

“This change ushers in a new era of cooperation between State and Superior Courts of sharing services to increase the efficiency of both Courts,” said Chief Superior Court Judge Wright who became Chief Judge in May.

State Court Chief Judge Porter, who also took office this year, agreed that the merger is “a good opportunity to work together as a court system; to show that we are on the same team.”

A committee of State Court judges Susan B. Forsling, Susan E. Edlein and Fred C. Eady worked with State Court staff to hammer out the details of the transfer, Judge Porter said. She praised the “invaluable” service of State Court staff members Mark Harper, Valerie Jordan and Adelaide Wilder in preparing for the transfer of the misdemeanor pretrial release and supervision to Superior Court.

Current State Court pretrial office employees became Superior Court employees under the agreement, said Superior Court Administrator Yolanda Lewis. Combining the operations provides court officials an opportunity to evaluate and improve efficiencies, Lewis said.

"We look forward to a new and improved Pretrial program which will expand the use of technologies and services," Lewis said.

Pretrial Services officers provide neutral, non-adversarial and verified information to judges, defense attorneys, and the prosecutors for use in determining whether to grant bond at a defendant’s initial court appearance and any subsequent hearings where bond and or conditions of release are being determined.

Supervision officers conduct drug testing of defendants to determine the prevalence of drug addiction in the jail population and provide initial screening for addiction and or mental illness to determine which defendants may be appropriately referred to Drug or Mental Health Court.

Working around the clock seven days a week Superior Court Pretrial Services screened 14,220 felony defendants in 2009. Of that total, judges assigned 4,435 defendants to the supervised release program.

Defendants in the supervised release program are much more likely to appear in court and avoid further arrests. In 2009, 97 percent of defendants released to Pretrial supervision attended all scheduled court hearings while avoiding new criminal charges.

The Superior and State Courts of Fulton County are Georgia’s largest and busiest trial courts.

Learn more about the Superior Court on Facebook and follow Court developments on twitter. You can also access information about Superior and State Court programs on the internet at http://www.fultoncourt.org/.

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Thursday, October 21, 2010

Fulton Courts merge programs

ATLANTA – The pretrial release supervision programs of the Fulton County Superior and State Courts will be combined in what Court officials call the beginning of a new era of cooperation and efficiency.

Approved Wednesday by Fulton County Commissioners the merger combines offices that supervised misdemeanor and felony defendants. It was a measure promised by Court leaders earlier this year to increase the efficiency of court operations in the face of ongoing budget constraints.

“This change ushers in a new era of cooperation between State and Superior Courts of sharing services to increase the efficiency of both Courts,” said Chief Superior Court Judge Cynthia Wright who became Chief Judge in May.

State Court Chief Judge Patsy Porter, who also took office this year, agreed that the merger is “a good opportunity to work together as a court system; to show that we are on the same team.”

A committee of State Court judges Susan B. Forsling, Susan E. Edlein and Fred C. Eady worked with State Court staff to hammer out the details of the transfer, Judge Porter said. She praised the “invaluable” service of State Court staff members Mark Harper, Valerie Jordan and Adelaide Wilder in preparing for the transfer of the misdemeanor pretrial release and supervision to Superior Court.

Current State Court pretrial office employees will become Superior Court employees under the agreement, said Superior Court Administrator Yolanda Lewis. No jobs will be eliminated during the transition and combining operations will provide an opportunity to evaluate and improve efficiencies with both programs, Lewis said.

Pretrial Services officers provide neutral, non-adversarial and verified information to judges, defense attorneys, and the prosecutors for use in determining whether to grant bond at a defendant’s initial court appearance and any subsequent hearings where bond and or conditions of release are being determined.

Supervision officers conduct drug testing of defendants to determine the prevalence of drug addiction in the jail population and provide initial screening for addiction and or mental illness to determine which defendants may be appropriately referred to Drug or Mental Health Court.

Working around the clock seven days a week Superior Court Pretrial Services screened 14,220 felony defendants in 2009. Of that total, judges assigned 4,435 defendants to the supervised release program.

Defendants in the supervised release program are much more likely to appear in court and avoid further arrests. In 2009, 97 percent of defendants released to Pretrial supervision attended all scheduled court hearings while avoiding new criminal charges.

The Superior and State Courts of Fulton County are Georgia’s largest and busiest trial courts.

Learn more about the Superior Court on Facebook and follow Court developments on twitter. You can also access information about Superior and State Court programs on the internet at www.fultoncourt.org.

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Wednesday, July 21, 2010

Drug Court Sets Graduation

FOR RELEASE: WEDNESDAY, 21 JULY 2010

The Fulton County Drug Court recognizes 15 graduates at it's Summer graduation ceremony Friday, July 23, 2010 at 1:30 p.m. in the Fulton Government Center Assembly Hall, 141 Pryor St., S.W., Atlanta, GA 30303.

Drug Court defendants who have fulfilled the requirements of the accountability court program will be recognized and a reception will be held for the graduates following the ceremony. The event is open to the public.

Drug Court has been operated by the Superior Court of Fulton County since 1997 and has proven an effective alternative to prison for addicted offenders. There are currently approximately 400 active Drug Court participants. The program has achieved a 70 percent success rate for graduates and is a cost-effective alternative to incarceration. A Mental Health Court for defendants with mental disorders has been in operation since 2007.

NOTE: Media wishing to cover the event must agree to limit their visual images to graduates who have signed HIPPA release forms. A list of graduates who have agreed to be photographed and interviewed will be available at the event.

The Superior Court of Fulton County is one of the top-performing urban courts in America. Our innovative programs, nationally recognized best practices, and excellent judges and staff reflect our commitment to ensuring that all find justice in our court.

For additional information about these and other programs operated by our court, please visit our web site at http://www.fultoncourt.org/.

Wednesday, June 30, 2010

Fulton Judge Named to Court Reporter Board

ATLANTA – Fulton Superior Court Judge Ural D. Glanville has been appointed to the board supervising the work and professional standards of Georgia’s official court reporters.

Judge Glanville is one of two judges on the nine-member Board of Court Reporting. The Judicial Council of Georgia, which is comprised of the Chief Judges of the Georgia’s Supreme Court, Court of Appeals and Superior, State, Magistrate and Juvenile courts, established the Board of Court Reporting to define and regulate the practice of court reporting in Georgia.

Judge Glanville’s appointment to the Board by the Judicial Council a vote of confidence in his abilities, said Fulton Superior Court Chief Judge Cynthia Wright.

“For Judge Glanville to be appointed to oversee this critical part of our system of justice is a tribute to him--and our Court has utmost confidence in him to discharge the duties required,” Chief Judge Wright said.

The Board consists of five certified court reporters, two attorneys appointed by the State Bar of Georgia and two judges, one from the State Court and one from the Superior Court. The Board meets four times a year and conducts two certification examinations a year. Certification by one of two national associations is required for anyone to be a court reporter in Georgia.

Judge Glanville has been a Fulton Superior Court Judge since 2005 and is also an Army Judge Advocate Officer. Previously he served as a Magistrate Judge in Fulton State Court, and prosecutor in the Solicitor General’s Office in DeKalb and Fulton Counties. Judge Glanville received his law degree from the University of Georgia School of Law.


For additional biographical information and a reproducible .jpg photo of Judge Glanville, go to: http://www.fultoncourt.org/sca200807/judges/superior-court-judges/a-l/ural-d-glanville.html

For more information on the Board of Court Reporters, go to: http://www.georgiacourts.org/agencies/bcr/index.html

Tuesday, June 29, 2010

Fulton State’s First Permanent Family Division

ATLANTA (June 29, 2010) -- After operating as a pilot project for 12 years, the Family Division of the Superior Court of Fulton County has been made a permanent part of Georgia’s largest and busiest trial court.

Established in 1998 by the General Assembly as a pilot project, the Family Division is an innovative program in which legal, psychological and social services professionals assist litigants and their families in resolving domestic legal disputes in a coordinated, non-confrontational and expeditious manner.

The Judges of Family Division volunteer for the assignment and receive specialized training. Fulton County has actively supported the Court by funding the Family Division. The Supreme Court of Georgia made the Family Division permanent just days before its legislative mandate was to have expired on June 30, 2010.

“We appreciate the Supreme Court’s action, the County’s ongoing funding, and the support of the legal community for the efficient and effective resolution of family disputes,” said Chief Superior Court Judge Cynthia Wright, who previously served as a Family Division judge. “Our Bench has enthusiastically supported the Family Division and the Judges who serve the families of Fulton County.”

The Supreme Court order said the justices decided to permanently establish the program to “Provide a speedy, certain, comprehensive, non-adversarial approach to the judicial resolution of multiple family problems and disputes while more systematically and effectively addressing the interests of children and the family unit.”

“Few issues come before our courts that are more important than the stability of our families,” Chief Justice Carol W. Hunstein said of the decision to make Fulton’s Georgia’s first permanent Family Division. “The swift resolution of matters such as divorce and child custody, adoption and domestic violence, safeguard our children’s well-being and society at large.

“The Fulton County Family Court has become a model for the state of Georgia,” Chief Justice Hunstein said.

Fulton’s Family Division was created to take into account the special nature of domestic legal issues. Among the innovations introduced to Georgia by the program:

• Family Law Information Center, providing free assistance to litigants, including legal consultations and forms for filing and responding to domestic legal actions,

• One Stop, an office that assists those seeking protection from domestic violence and stalking,

• Onsite Mediation, offered at no cost to litigants to resolve their legal issues,

• I-CAN! - the Interactive Community Assistance Network, is free, internet-based help to properly complete legal forms using client-provided answers to a series of questions presented by a video guide,

• On Site

  • paternity testing and
  • drug and alcohol testing,
• Seminars, including:

  • Free, monthly legal seminars and clinics
  • Families in Transition - a mandatory seminar in English and Spanish for parents or guardians engaged in litigation which involves the question of custody of a minor child or children and
  • Assisting Children in Transition for the children of divorcing families.

• One Family, One Judge concept, with all actions involving a family being heard by the same judge.

Family Division Chief Administrative Judge Gail S. Tusan was one of the first to volunteer for the Family Division. She, along with fellow Family Division Judges Bensonetta Tipton Lane and Tom Campbell, knows firsthand how important the service is to families who appear before the court.

“Our judges and staff are committed to helping Fulton’s families work through difficult transitions and access much needed services, said Judge Tusan. “In today’s dire economic times, the ability to afford counsel is even more challenging.

“The Family Division guarantees that every citizen with a family related issue will be heard,” Judge Tusan said.

The program is also very efficient. In 2009, the Family Division resolved 5,677 cases, provided 1,227 free attorney consultations, fielded 34,814 help requests, issued 2,021 temporary protective orders and held 41 Families in Transition and 27 Assisting Children in Transition seminars. At the end of the first quarter of 2010 the program was on track to top those numbers, according to court records.

The Family Division effort has been extended by volunteer activities such as the Domestic Violence Project, which operate a free assistance center located within the Court complex.

“Since its inception, AVLF has worked collaboratively with the Family Division to address the varied needs of families in transition,” said Jennifer Stolarski, director of the Domestic Violence Project.

“From the Guardian ad Litem program to the Mediation program to the Family Law Information Center to the One Stop and Safe Families Offices, we have seen the difference that the coordinated efforts of the Family Division can make for our clients and for individual families. The Family Division adds tremendous value to our community, and we look forward to our continued partnership.”

Jon W. Hedgepeth, chairman of the Atlanta Bar Association’s Family Law Section, said he hopes other county Superior Courts will emulate the Fulton Family Division.

“The Family Division is by far the most efficient and effective program in resolving family law issues,” Mr. Hedgepeth said. “It is my hope that other counties will realize the effectiveness of a division dedicated to family law and implement similar programs.”

For more information on the Family Division of the Superior Court of Fulton County, go to: http://www.fultoncourt.org/ and click on Family Division in the left column. To read the Supreme Court of Georgia order making the Family Division a permanent part of the Fulton Superior Court, go to: http://bit.ly/FultonFamilyDivision


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Friday, June 11, 2010

Clearing the Backlog

Read about how our Court is innovating ways to improve access to justice and enhance public safety by resolving older cases.






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Friday, June 11, 2010

Fulton clears 239 backlogged cases

Federally funded program helps save money and resolve cases that have been stalled for at least one year

By Greg Land, Staff Reporter

In a near-empty Fulton County courtroom, Northeastern Circuit Senior Judge John E. Girardeau listened attentively as Public Defender Richard W. Marks summed up his case: no 911 tapes, no "independent" witnesses—true, the assault victim had been photographed with bruises on her face, but she may have inflicted the injuries to herself in order to frame her boyfriend, to "pay him back" for cheating on her.

Rising to deliver his own closing remarks, Fulton County Assistant District Attorney David J. Studdard dismissed Marks' arguments as "preposterous" and expressed astonishment that his opponent could make them with a straight face.

Girardeau then issued his instructions to the jury, sending them out to deliberate as one more of the county's backlogged cases ground toward an end.

One of eight senior judges assigned to the Superior Court's Backlog Reduction Program, Girardeau had first become involved in State v. Stewart just two days earlier. Pretrial motions, plea negotiations and witness issues had all been ironed out earlier.

"When they say it's scheduled for trial week, you can count on it being ready for trial," said Girardeau, who took senior status in 2005.

"That's different from a judge handling a regular calendar, where there often other things that can cause delays," he said.

Since last September, the program has led to resolution of 239 complex felony cases that had left nearly 189 criminal defendants languishing in the Fulton County Jail for more than a year—often much longer than that, according to Fulton County Superior Court statistics.

Funded by $1.2 million in federal stimulus money, the program has churned through the backlog mainly through plea deals, with the toughest cases going to trial before designated teams of prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges and support staff.

The cumulative total for the amount of time those defendants spent in jail before trial: 83,294 days, or more than 228 years, according to the court.

"These are people who have been sitting in jail at a cost of $72 a day," said Fulton County Superior Court Senior Judge Stephanie B. Manis, "while I understand it costs about $40 a day to keep them in state prison." She was citing data from Fulton County Sheriff Theodore "Ted" Jackson.

While saving the county taxpayers money by moving the cases is important, noted Manis, it's also important to resolve the cases in the interest of justice: There have been some not-guilty verdicts, and several of the cases—mostly those involving lower mandatory minimum sentences or lower-level felonies—have been dead-docketed.

Manis has been overseeing the program since its inception, and before that had been working on another backlog case project.

The cases, some of which involve defendants who have been jailed since 2006, fall into four categories:

murder;

mandatory plus, in which convictions on charges including aggravated child molestation, aggravated sexual battery, aggravated sodomy, kidnapping with bodily injury, kidnapping a victim under 14 years of age and rape are punishable by a mandatory minimum 25 years in prison;

mandatory, in which convictions for armed robbery, hijacking, kidnapping, trafficking and offenses that require inclusion upon Georgia's sex offender registry are punishable by a mandatory minimum 10 years in prison; and

other, which includes offenses such as aggravated assault and aggravated battery, punishable by one to 20 years in prison, and child molestation, punishable by five to 20 years, among others.

Manis said several factors contribute to these "tough to resolve" cases.

"I think you have a higher number of cases with defendants with mental health issues," she said. "There are a large number of crimes against women and children, and a larger number of cases with the high mandatory sentences."

As the General Assembly has steadily increased such sentences and the number of crimes to which they apply, she said, defendants are more likely to roll the dice on a jury trial than to accept a plea.

"With these 25- and 30-year sentences, there's much less advantage to someone going on the record and expressing remorse," she said. "We predict about 80 percent will go to trial."

Other reasons for the backlog involve cases with multiple defendants and attorneys, cases that are on appeal or those that have already resulted in a mistrial. But Manis said the most common reason cited for the dust-gathering cases is "court congestion."

Manis has drawn upon several years' worth of a court consultant's recommendations for criminal case management to put together her own informal bench book and recommendations for the lawyers, judges and staff who work the backlog cases.

She has so far relegated the actual trials to the other judges, busying herself with reviewing cases, hearing motions and conducting meetings, disposing of the cases she can and getting the others ready for trial so a judge can simply walk into court and begin voir dire.

"I talk to everybody," she said, telling the backlog defendants and the victims, "it's taking a long time, and we need move this case along."

The Georgia Legislature has slashed most state funding for senior judges, and Superior Court Administrator Judith Cramer credits officials in Fulton municipalities for letting some of their own federal funds be used for the project.

"It wouldn't have been possible without the chiefs of police, city managers and council members of the Fulton County cities," said Cramer, explaining that the funds came from a federal Justice Assistance Grant to the cities last year.

"The money was to be shared with law enforcement. I met with a group of [city officials] and asked if they'd give me some of their money," said Cramer.

While funds have been made available nationwide to hire more police officers, "judges, prosecutors, public defenders and clerks are often left out of the equation," she said. "But the more boots on the ground, the more arrests are made."

Cramer likened the resulting surge in arrests on already swollen criminal dockets to a snake eating a large animal.

"You've got this large lump moving through the snake, and what you've got is a snake with indigestion," she said.

With total funding of $1,235,493, the program pays for 20 positions, incuding two senior judges and a three-member staff; two senior prosecutors, two investigators and a legal assistant; three public defenders and a defense investigator; four staff members from the clerk of the Superior Court's office and two staff members from the Sheriff's Department.

The judges' duties rotate between Manis, Girardeau and Senior Fulton County Judges Isaac Jenrette and Elizabeth E. Long; Senior Cobb County Judge Michael Stoddard; and Senior DeKalb County Judges Robert P. Mallis and Anne Workman. Senior Cherokee Circuit Superior Court Judge Tom Pope was originally involved but has since withdrawn, said Manis.

The program was staffed and operational in September, and Cramer said that the funding is projected to run out about mid-December. After that, she's hoping the county, state and/or federal governments might be willing to help keep it alive.

The program gets high marks from those involved.

"One of the great things about the backlog program is that we're able to jump right on our clients' cases," said Marks, the public defender in the case before Girardeau who is one of three Fulton County public defenders assigned to the program.

The ability to have cases prepared by one judge then, if necessary, sent to another for trial enables quick handling, said Marks.

"Our job is to make sure that everything that has to be done is done," he said, "as opposed to just letting them just keep sitting on the shelf."

While the public defenders handle most of the cases, he said, "everything's on a case-by-case basis. In some cases, the original attorney on the case [whether assigned or private], will come to backlog and represent the defendant. In others, the original lawyer will pass his file to us. There's no bright-line rule."

The state has provided seasoned prosecutors, and the cases move as smoothly as can be expected, said Marks.

"No system is perfect," said Marks, "but [the program] does a great job, and the goals set out have been attained."

Prosecutor Studdard deferred comment to Fulton County District Attorney Paul L. Howard Jr., who lauded the program even as he repeated his own complaints about the handling of cases in the Superior Court.

"My assessment is that Judge Manis and the lawyers and the PDs have done an outstanding job," said Howard. "A lot of the credit goes to Judge Manis, who has single-handedly engineered this effort to reduce the backlog cases."

But Howard—who has seen a string of criminal cases fall apart when defendants sought speedy trial dismissals, often in cases in which multiple judges have been assigned a case as the years tick by—said there still need to be courtwide standards for handling cases.

Howard acknowledges that the court has adopted several innovations that have streamlined case-flow to some extent, including specialty courts designed to weed out defendants who have drug and mental health issues; a fast-track program to move lower-level drug and property crime cases swiftly; and a recent pilot program to create separate criminal and civil divisions in the Superior Court.

"This is the fourth backlog effort we have been involved in," said Howard. "Even though this is successful, the number of people in the backlog cases and the number of people in jail remains relatively the same."

Howard called for "an organizational change that will affect the superior, state and magistrate courts, all attacking the same priorities: the numbers of people in jail and awaiting trial.

"Second," he said, "all of the cases in our superior court system should be tried within a certain number of days."

While the criminal justice system in Fulton does suffer from a lack of sufficient resources, he said, "I regard those questions about resources being anecdotal. Unless there is an organizational approach, there will not be overall change. Activity is not the same as achievement."

Cramer, who recently announced she would leave her post, said that one of the goals of the project is to set precisely such goals and caseload standards, which can then be adopted by the entire Fulton County bench.

"The problem now is setting up the system so it doesn't happen again," she said. "We want to develop standards relating to case management. We already have standards for fast-track felonies, but it's much more difficult for the complex cases."

Even so, she noted, there are 19—soon to be 20—elected judges on the Superior Court bench, and "as in any legal culture, there will be specific areas of concern," she said.

"And we simply do not have enough judges, DAs or PDs," she said. "It's a good program, but it won't solve the problem. We have 19 judges now; we need 32 just to do the job."

Fulton County Superior Court Chief Judge Cynthia D. Wright said the court has requested $140,000 in additional funds from the county to continue the program. The request was among several from the county's justice system that were removed from the Fulton County Commission's June 2 agenda; according to Fulton County Superior Court spokesman Don Plummer, it will again be on the agenda for the June 16 meeting.

"We continue to explore other possible avenues for continued funding of the backlog," said Wright via an e-mail.

Howard said he, too, is hoping to keep the program alive.

Lengthy delays are "unfair for defendants, and even more unfair for victims," he said.

Thursday, June 10, 2010

More Ways to Keep Up with Fulton Superior Court

The Superior Court of Fulton County is expanding its ability to communicate with the world.

In addition to the Court's public website, the Court now has both Facebook and Twitter pages that include the latest Court news and access to photos, videos and updates to events and court cases.

The addition of social media tools expands the Court's ability to connect with constituents ranging from Fulton County residents to the wider audience of attorneys and others who conduct business with the Court. They are also a great way for citizens to learn how the Court provides efficient administration of justice for all.
 
And for those intimidated by social media the Court remains accessible by mail, telephone and email. The contact page on the court's website provides information about these three easy ways for anyone at any location in the world to contact the court and receive direct replies to their questions and concerns.

Wednesday, May 5, 2010

Fulton Superior Court Administrator Resigns

ATLANTA – Judith A. Cramer announced her resignation as administrator of the Superior Court of Fulton County. Ms. Cramer, who has held the position since 1997, said Wednesday that she will remain as administrator until a successor is named.

Ms. Cramer’s announcement came the same day that the Fulton County Board of Commissioners voted for a new unified justice system computer system, a project that Ms. Cramer and other court officials had sought for most of the past decade.

The decision to leave, however, had been in the making for some time, Ms. Cramer said.

“This is a decision that I had been struggling with for nearly a year,” Ms. Cramer said. Ms. Cramer, who last year earned a Master of Divinity degree from United Theological Seminary, said she will be seeking a position as a pastor in the United Methodist Church.

Chief Superior Court Judge Cynthia D. Wright praised Ms. Cramer’s devotion to the Court.

“Judy has invested countless hours to help this Court create new programs and obtain the technology necessary to serve our citizens,” Chief Judge Wright said. “I am particularly happy that one of the initiatives she has labored for over the last 10 years is now just a few steps away from becoming a reality after today’s Board of Commissioners’ vote.”

“We wish Ms. Cramer success in her new ventures and thank her from the bottom of our hearts for her tireless efforts,” Chief Judge Wright said.

Ms. Cramer began her court career at the local Common Pleas Court in Montgomery County, Ohio, where she was asked to develop and direct a 12-County correctional institution for adult male and felony offenders. In 1982, she became the Court Administrator for the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas where she served until 1993. After operating a successful Weed and Seed crime reduction program in Tampa, Fl., Ms. Cramer joined the Fulton Superior Court as court administrator in 1997.

Ms. Cramer was instrumental in establishing and managing a number of innovative programs at the Fulton Superior Court that streamline and enhance the administration of criminal and civil cases.

The court was the first in Georgia to have fulltime Family Court judges who hear divorces and other family law matters so they are not delayed by criminal cases. The Court also operates Georgia’s largest and most ambitious Drug and Mental Health Court programs which greatly reduce the incident of repeat crimes by defendants.

The Fulton Superior Court Business Division, which was recognized in 2009 as the most innovative business court in the nation by the National Association of County Executives, is credited with enhancing Atlanta’s position as a business hub in the Southeast.



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Wednesday, April 21, 2010

Benefit from upcoming Law Day events

As we begin the second decade of the twenty-first century, the law is changing dramatically as it seeks to shape and adapt to new conditions.
Law Day 2010 provides us with an opportunity to understand and appreciate the emerging challenges and enduring traditions of law in the 21st century.

The Judges and staff of the Superior Court of Fulton County invite you to participate in and benefit from Law Day 2010 programs scheduled throughout our community.

April 26, 27 & 28

Welcome to Court!

Greeters at each entrance of the Fulton County Courthouse complex welcome visitors plus special programs for jurors

April 27

Free Advance Directives for Healthcare

Volunteer attorneys & paralegals provide free assistance in creating Advance Directives, Fulton Government Center Atrium, 141 Pryor St., 9 a.m. – 3 pm

May 1

Law Day Legal Clinic and Workshop

World Changers Church International, 2500 Burdett Road, College Park, 11:30 am – 4 pm. Phone: 770-210-5700

May 22

Community Law Clinic

In celebration of Law Day, the Gate City Bar Association will host its first Community Law Clinic 2010 from 10:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. at Greenbriar Mall. This clinic will provide an opportunity for lawyers, and other legal professionals, to participate in a hands-on project interfacing with the community. Citizens will have the opportunity to have a one-on-one consultation with an attorney in the following practice areas: Bankruptcy, Foreclosures, Family Law and Criminal Law. Additionally, there will be on-going seminars throughout the day for the public on bankruptcy and foreclosures.

For more information call (404) 419-6627 or www.gatecitybar.org

May 23

2010 Law Day Worship Service

Legal Ministry of Cascade United Methodist Church in partnership with the Gate City Bar Association, Georgia Association of Black Women Attorneys, and Judicial Section of the Gate City Bar Association, Sunday, May 23, 2010, 11:00 am, Cascade United Methodist Church, 3144 Cascade Road, SW, Atlanta, GA 30311. Speaker: The Hon. Paul L. Howard, Jr., Fulton County District Attorney. Free and open to the public.

Wednesday, April 14, 2010

Alert: Major Public Event to Close Streets Near Court

An event scheduled for Thursday, April 15, 2010 from 2:00 p.m. until 10:00 p.m. at the Georgia State Capitol is expected to draw a large group of pedestrians. The Atlanta Police Department plans to close the following streets near the Court Complex from 12:00 noon until 10 p.m.


1) Washington Street from Mitchell Street to Trinity Avenue

2) Capitol Square from Washington Street to Capitol Avenue

3) M.L. King Jr. Drive from Piedmont Avenue to Central Avenue

4) Courtland Street from Gilmer Street to M.L. King Jr. Drive

5) Mitchell Street from Central Avenue to Washington Street

6) The west bound lane of Gilmer Street from Piedmont Avenue to Courtland Street

The Court Complex will NOT be closed Thursday, but those who must conduct business at the Complex are urged to allow extra time for transit to and from the area.

Monday, February 22, 2010

No program reductions despite $1 million cut

The judges of the Superior Court of Fulton County have approved a final budget for 2010 that is $984,090 less than 2009 expenditures. The $24.3 million 2010 Superior Court budget does not include reductions in Court progerams, nor staff layoffs, said Court Administrator Judy Cramer.
"We will be tightening our belts throughout the courthouse," Ms. Cramer said. "But due to the excellent work of our business office we will not lose any employees."
Among the cost-saving measures employed to reduce this year's budget are not filling open positions and postponing the hiring of the support staff for the Court's 20th judge named in November by Gov. Perdue. Other savings in operating costs include savings on postage for juror summons, calling fewer prospective jurors, and tighter purchasing controls.
But the most important actions were those taken to avoid massive cuts that threatened to cripple the county's judicial system.
In November Fulton County officials notified the Superior Court that its 2010 budget would be reduced by $5.2 million from the 2009 budget of $24.5 million. Chief Judge Doris L. Downs said such a drastic cut would threaten public safety.
Her warning, echoed by Fulton District Attorney Paul Howard and other elected judicial officials, set off a public outcry aganst such cuts at subsequent Fulton Commission meetings that steadily mounted until Jan. 20 when Fulton Commissioners approved a Court budget that is approximately $1 million less than the prior year.
"While we were cut almost $1 million from last year after having five positions eliminated at mid-year 2009, we have adjusted and will continue to provide good public service," Cramer said in announcing the cuts to staff.
"Thanks to all of you for your patience and support during the period of budget uncertainty we experienced in 2009."

Tuesday, January 26, 2010

Fulton Superior Court Judge Westmoreland Moves to Business Court


Fulton County Superior Court Judge Melvin K. Westmoreland has moved from the Fulton Justice Tower to the historic Lewis Slaton Fulton County Courthouse.

Westmoreland, a Superior Court Judge in the Atlanta Judicial Circuit since 1988, said he moved to Courtroom 9G in the 136 Pryor St. Courthouse for two reasons.

He recently became the only elected Superior Court Judge serving in the Fulton Business Court and now exclusively hears civil cases. Judge Westmoreland’s new chambers (Room C927) put him on the same floor with Business Court Senior Judges Alice Bonner and Elizabeth Long and Business Court manager Noelle Lagueux-Alvarez.

The move also makes room in the Fulton Justice Tower for newly appointed Superior Court Judge Shawn LaGrua. When LaGrua is sworn in as the circuit's 20th judge she may hear a mixed docket of criminal and civil cases. Criminal cases are restricted to the Tower which has secure holding cells and elevators used to transfer prisoners to and from the Fulton County Jail.

"With only civil cases I don't need holding cells and it helps to be close to the other business court operations," Judge Westmoreland said.

Judge Westmoreland's chambers telephone is 404-612-2570.

Wednesday, January 20, 2010

Judicial Leaders Work Until Last Minute to Save Public Safety Improvements from Fulton Budget Axe

Leaders of the Fulton County Georgia judicial system on Tuesday continued their effort to get county officials to restore $4.2 million cut from the system’s 2010 budget. The cuts include $2.4 million in operating costs and $1.8 million in staff vacancies for the Superior Court, Clerk of Superior Court, District Attorney, Public Defender, State, Probate and Juvenile courts, Solicitor General and Marshal’s office.

If these cuts are restored judicial system leaders told county officials they will be able to:

• Continue the Fast Track felony case management system that has cut the time it takes to complete non-violent property and drug cases to just 45 days.

• Continue the current number of participants in the county’s successful Drug and Mental Health Courts.

• Continue the highly effective, cost-saving pretrial supervision program that gets 97 percent of felony defendants to all court hearings without new charges.

• Continue a new intensive pretrial supervision program that reduced jail expenses by $3.5 million from April through December 2009.

• Prepare for a major anticipated increase in criminal cases from hundreds of new Atlanta Police Officers being hired through a federal COPS Grant.

• Drastically reduce the Fulton Jail population by July 1, 2010.

• Prepare a plan to increase revenues and collections from fines and fees.

• Prepare a plan to consolidate duplicative judicial system offices.

The Fulton justice system cannot control its incoming “inventory” of murder, rape, robbery and burglary cases so justice system leaders must be allowed to continue programs that out-produce the offending population to keep the county safe.

Judicial system leaders are working together to coordinate prevention, protection, restoration, correction and punishment efforts but cuts prevent them from keeping up with incoming cases, much less the increase anticipated from deploying additional Atlanta Police Officers.

Judicial leaders say restoring these funds will produce immediate savings by reducing the number of defendants in the county jail.

Failing to adequately fund the judicial system will swell the county’s jail population, greatly increasing the cost to taxpayers for housing, feeding and caring for pretrial defendants.

Key Points of the Judicial System Plan to enhance public safety and increase access to justice for families, children and businesses.

• Fast Track Felony Case Processing

• Pretrial Release Supervision

• Jail Population Reduction Plan

• Elimination of Duplicated Services

• Increased Fee and Fine Revenue

Friday, January 8, 2010

Citizens Voice Opposition to Fulton Judicial System Cuts

  Jan. 6, 2010 -- Hundreds of concerned Fulton County residents who braved freezing temperatures packed this week's Fulton Commission meeting to show support for full funding of the county's judicial system.
  Concerned residents told commissioners that cutting any part of the system which includes courts, prosecutors, public defenders, court clerks and the county sheriff  would cripple an already overburdened system.
  Concern over proposed budget cuts in the cash-strapped county has been growing since mid-November when county managers notified judicial leaders that they might loose 24 percent of their budgets.
  Fulton's Chief Judge and District Attorney said that such massive cuts would mean they would have to make drastic staff cuts leaving their offices unable to process the more than 30,000 cases filed in Fulton Superior Court each year.
  Chief Judge Doris L. Downs, speaking for members of the judicial system, said with that level of reduction "the results would be disastrous. [and] ... would also, in our opinion, raise serious questions regarding public safety."
  In December commissioners approved a tentative budget that would reduce cuts to the judicial system to some 10 percent. But even that level of reduced spending on justice would erode the courts ability to maintain cost-saving programs that now supervise some 1700 defendants in Drug and Mental Health courts and through pretrial release supervision, forcing more defendants back into the already overflowing county jail.
  Those who spoke Wednesday, including Chief Judge Downs, Chief Judge-elect Cynthia Wright and others who are involved in providing services to the judicial system, said that there are better ways to balance the budget that to slow processing of criminal cases that will only add to jail overcrowding and more than offset any savings.
  County officials and judicial leaders continue to meet and share ideas for reducing costs without endangering the public and reducing access to justice for families, children and Fulton businesses. One idea presented to county leaders is a full-court press to process criminal cases that judicial leaders say could cut the jail population in half by July. That would greatly reduce expenses for housing, feeding, and providing medical care for inmates in the jail which now must rent space in other county jails because it is overflowing.
  Fulton County’s judicial system is the state’s largest and busiest. It is also the place where all lawsuits brought against any state government function are decided, so any reduction in its capacity to function will have statewide consequences.
  A final vote on the 2010 Fulton County budget will be held Jan. 20 at 10 a.m. in the Fulton Commission Assembly Hall, 141 Pryor St., S.W., Atlanta, GA 30303.
  Anyone interested in voicing support for the judicial system budget who cannot attend the Jan. 20 meeting may sign an electronic petition at: http://bit.ly/KeepCourtsOpen.

Former DeKalb Solicitor General named to new Fulton Superior Court Judgeship

Former DeKalb County Solicitor General Shawn Ellen LaGrua has been named a judge of the Superior Court of Fulton County.

LaGrua was appointed to the new 20th judgeship of the Fulton Superior Court by Governor Sonny Purdue. This seat on the Superior Court was approved by the Georgia General Assembly in 2008.

LaGrua has served as the Inspector-General for the Georgia Secretary of State's Office since January 2007.

Previously, she was appointed by Perdue as DeKalb County Solicitor General in 2004 and named Georgia’s Solicitor General of the Year in 2006.

LaGrua also has extensive experience as an Assistant District Attorney in DeKalb and Fulton Counties. While in Fulton County’s DA’s Office, she worked as a Chief Senior Assistant District Attorney.

She earned her Bachelor’s degree from the University of Georgia in 1984 and her Juris Doctorate from Georgia State University School of Law in 1987 where she is currently a faculty member teaching Litigation.

LaGrua is expected to be sworn in as judge by Perdue in January. She will join the bench of Georgia's largest trial court with more than 30,000 cases filed annually The Fulton Superior Court is also among the leading courts nationally for innovative programs increasing access to justice for all.

Tuesday, January 5, 2010

Final Order in Grady Hemodialysis Case

The final order by Fulton County Superior Court Judge Ural Glanville in the case 2009CV175156 is now posted on the Court's Media website page.
http://www.fultoncourt.org/sca200807/for-media.html

Thursday, December 17, 2009

Keep The Courts Open

Funding cuts threaten public safety and access to the courts for businesses, families and children

Keep The Courts Open: Protect public safety for Fulton County Georgia residents and businesses who use our courts!
Sign the petition: http://bit.ly/KeepCourtsOpen

Tuesday, December 15, 2009

Justice Plan Would Slash Jail Population

Faster Case Processing Key to 54 Percent Reduction


ATLANTA – The Chief Judge of the Atlanta Judicial Circuit has proposed that Fulton County Commissioners approve a cost-saving plan that would greatly reduce the population of the overcrowded Fulton County Jail.

“Our strategy is to dramatically reduce the jail population from 2606 (outsourcing and main jail population) to 1200 by July 1st of 2010,” Chief Superior Court Judge Doris L. Downs wrote in an email sent Tuesday to Fulton Commissioners.

The Fulton County Jail, which is under federal court order to reduce the jail’s population to some 2200, is the largest single item in the Fulton County Justice System budget. Each day an inmate is held at the jail costs the county a minimum of $72. The county also must pay to house excess inmates above the court-ordered maximum in other Georgia jails.

Fulton justice system officials were notified on Nov. 18 that their portion of the county’s 2010 budget, which begins Jan. 1, would have to be cut by 25 percent or some $55 million. Chief Judge Downs and Fulton County District Attorney Paul L Howard Jr. and other justice system officials responded by saying that absorbing cuts of that magnitude would devastate each agency individually and have unacceptable systemic repercussions.

On Dec. 9, County budget officials returned with a proposal that the criminal justice system be cut by 11.7% or $25.4 million. Meeting almost daily since then justice system officials fashioned a plan that Judge Downs said will meet the county’s goal, if the justice system is allowed to retain current funding levels.

“We are proposing expediting the processing of the criminal cases in the next 6 months so that the jail population is reduced to 1200 inmates by July 1st of 2010. We believe that this goal is attainable but only if we are able to retain our employees and re-engineer the way we work together,” she wrote. “In short, we are prepared to run a marathon to achieve the savings needed through the jail budget. This is the only way we see to achieve savings without crippling our justice system. We cannot run the marathon without our legs---our employees!”

Fulton Commissioners are expected to consider the justice system proposal at a 10 a.m. Wednesday meeting.

Following is the full text of Chief Judge Down’s letter to Commissioners and the justice system’s jail reduction strategy:

As the Administrative Judge of this State's Fifth Judicial District as well as the Chief Judge of the Atlanta Judicial Circuit, I am proposing on behalf of the Fulton County Justice System that we be allowed to present a plan for achieving the budget cuts required of our justice system. Our plan is attached. Our strategy is to dramatically reduce the jail population from 2606 (outsourcing and main jail population) to 1200 by July 1st of 2010.

We are aware that Fulton County is facing a serious budget shortfall. At present, it is my understanding that all County budgets are facing a cut of approximately 1.7% consisting of the unpaid holidays for all employees in 2010. At present, the justice system partners have been asked to cut an additional 10% from their budgets.

The Clerk of the Superior Court will have to eliminate 33 temporary positions and 18 permanent positions ($1.5 million). The District Attorney will have to eliminate 20 temporary positions and 30 permanent positions OR take 48 furlough days (one day each week) which amounts to a 25% pay cut for all DA employees. ($2.2 million) The Public Defender will have to eliminate 15 positions ($1.57 million).The Superior Court will have to eliminate at least 15 employees and as of yet an undetermined number of additional layoffs. We will lose employees in programs that save the county money such as Pretrial, Drug Court, Mental Health Court ($2.475 million).

As you are aware each of the justice agencies are closely connected in that an impact on any one of our budgets impacts our ability as a whole to move the business. We are truly all part of the same pipeline with no control over the numbers of cases coming in. If the 10 percent cuts are taken from each budget in January of 2010, our ability to process the criminal, domestic and civil cases will be significantly affected. This will no doubt result in a sharp increase in the jail population and a sharp increase in costs to the taxpayer. This will certainly not achieve the savings that are needed in the coming year's budget.

We have been meeting non-stop since we learned of the budget shortfall in order to present a plan that will save the county significant money without dismantling our justice system. We are proposing expediting the processing of the criminal cases in the next 6 months so that the jail population is reduced to 1200 inmates by July 1st of 2010. We believe that this goal is attainable but only if we are able to retain our employees and re-engineer the way we work together. If we are forced to eliminate critical employees, the cost to the County will increase with the resulting increase in the jail population.

In short, we are prepared to run a marathon to achieve the savings needed through the jail budget. This is the only way we see to achieve savings without crippling our justice system. We cannot run the marathon without our legs---our employees! Please carefully consider our proposal. We are continuing to meet to improve the proposal. All of us are available if you should have any questions.


Jail Reduction Strategy Guiding Principles

 The Fulton County Jail, when built, was widely criticized as being too small for the Fulton County criminal population.

 Overcrowding at the jail has led to several lawsuits including the current consent decree.

 The inability of the system to dispose of cases has exacerbated the jail overcrowding problem.

 The Justice Management Institute, a leading criminal justice system consultant, identified as one of the key elements to lasting system improvement, the need to set goals regarding the Fulton County jail population and composition.

 On November 18, 2009, the Fulton County Budget Commission announced that for FY2010 it was expected that current expenditures would drastically exceed expected revenue (-$146 million) requiring an across-the-board 25% reduction in county budgets.

 Collectively, the Criminal Justice System was asked to reduce budgetary expenditures by $55 million — translating to 980 positions.

 Absorbing cuts of this magnitude would devastate each department individually and have systemic repercussions.

 Through exploring other cost-saving mechanisms, the Budget Commission announced on December 9, 2009, the criminal justice system portion of budget reductions would amount to 11.7% or $25.4 million.

 This current financial crisis has inspired a willingness among all Fulton County criminal justice agencies to identify systemic ways to save money without adversely impacting individual departments and the criminal justice system.

 What follows are the Fulton County Criminal Justice System cost-saving recommendations and strategies.

Jail Reduction Strategy

 Remove inmates convicted of state crimes from the Fulton County Jail after a maximum period of ten (10) days.

 Eliminate the outsourcing of inmates by February 1, 2010 (savings of $8 million).

 Establish jail case processing standards such that each category of inmate has a time frame for housing which cannot be exceeded (see Case Processing Standards).

 Implement a Temporary Emergency Court to reduce the jail population by 1,300 inmates by July 1, 2010 (savings of $15 million through food/health contracts and the elimination of vacant positions).

 Support the acquisition of the City of Atlanta Jail so that the facility can be used as the initial screening location for defendants and a portion of the facility can be used to create a restitution center where all low-risk Fulton County Jail inmates could be transferred.

 Establish a multi-departmental jail reduction team to work with the Sheriff’s staff to monitor the jail population on a daily basis in order to maintain the jail population at 1,200 inmates.

 Failure to reduce the jail population as outlined will result in a 10% across-the-board budget reduction for all Fulton County criminal justice agencies beginning July 1, 2010.

Jail Case Processing Standards

 Death penalty – 2 years

 Maximum Complex Felony Cases – 365 days

 Medium Complex Felony Cases – 280 days

 Mildly Complex Felony Cases – 120 days

 Non Complex Felony Cases – 60 days

 Misdemeanor Maximum Complex Violent Cases – 60 days

 Misdemeanor Medium Complex Cases – 30 days

 All other Misdemeanor cases – 48 hours

Fulton County Criminal Justice Agencies

Doris (Dee) Downs
Chief Judge, Superior Court

Ted Jackson
Sheriff, Fulton County

Cathelene “Tina” Robinson
Clerk, Superior Court

Paul L. Howard, Jr.
District Attorney

Vernon Pitts
Public Defender

Albert Thompson
Chief Judge, State Court

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Monday, September 28, 2009

King v. King case update

Parties in King v. King, case number 208CV153409, met today and fulfilled the requirements of an order issued by Superior Court of Fulton County Judge Ural Glanville that a shareholders meeting be held. Parties to the case are continuing to negotiate differences in an effort to resolve the litigation, Judge Glanville said.

Motions hearings in the case are scheduled for Friday, Oct. 2, 2009 in Courtroom 5F of the Fulton Justice Tower, 185 Central Ave., Atlanta, GA 30303. Jury selection in trial of the case is set to begin at 9 a.m. on Oct. 12, 2009 in Courtroom 5F.

Superior Court Uniform Rule 22 request for recording in courtroom must be faxed to Judge Glanville’s chambers 24 hours prior to the next hearing. Fax number: 404-302-8595. Please request a return fax of an approved Rule 22 for presentation to security deputies at the 185 Central Ave. entrance to facilitate entry.